The Posse Comitatus Act

 18 U.S.C. 1385:  The Posse Comitatus Act is just one sentence:  “Whoever, except in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, willfully uses any part of the Army, the Navy, the Marine Crops, the Air Force, or the Space Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise to execute the laws shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than two years, or both.”  

The Act was passed in 1878 at the end of the Reconstruction period.  The shameful reason for the law was to ensure that the federal military would not be used to intervene in the establishment of Jim Crow in the former Confederacy. However, the rationale was, before the passage of the Posse Comitatus, and remains, a core American value, that the military should not be allowed to interfere in the affairs of civilian government.

The word “except” in the Act creates some loopholes, but it goes on to say…(except)” in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress…” It does not give a president a “blank check”.  It requires Constitutional authorization or Act of Congress.  There are no constitutional exceptions to the Posse Comitatus Act.  To my knowledge, there has not been an Act of Congress justifying Los Angeles, Portland, or any other US city.

What Time Is It?

 Charles Dickens’ introductory sentence in The Tale of Two Cities keeps bubbling around in my brain.  Bob Dylan’s 1964 song, “The Times They Are A-Changing” keeps reverberating in my head.  Despicable news, flooding the media each and every day, swirls in and rankles my inner spirit.  

Is our time the best of times, or is it the worst?  Is today an age of wisdom, or of absolute foolishness?  Is it the epoch of belief, or is it the epoch of incredulity?  Is it a season of light, or a season of darkness?   Is it the spring of hope, or is it the winter of despair? 

How do we know?  How can we tell?  If we know nothing about what has gone on before our time, how can we grasp or begin to understand what is happening now?

How does one do that?  Read books, don’t ban  them.  Read. Read. Read.   Think. Think. Think.  Here are a few you might want to try:  The Night Trilogy (Night, Dawn, Day), Elie Wiesel; Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe (I used an Audio App to help me with this one); Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck; The Little Liar, Mitch Albom; Democracy Awakening, Heather Cox Richardson.  Know what has gone on in the past to understand what is going on now. 

Part III: Empty Chairs, Empty Tables....

 I returned home from a trip last weekend.  The trip had been planned and scheduled a year ago.  Whenever we returned home from such a travel event there would be a big poster hanging in the kitchen window:  “Welcome Home, Dad and Mom” or in these last four years, “Welcome Home, Dad” or “Welcome Home, Dad and Uncle John,” signed “Love, Rachel.”  There would be milk and goodies in the fridge, bread in the cupboard, and normally enough food to last a week! 

There was no sign in the window welcoming me home last weekend, no milk or goodies in the fridge, no bread in the cupboard,  Three months have passed since we lost Rachel.  What I missed wasn’t the milk or the bread.  I missed Rachel!  Always will!  There is no way to fill the empty chair, that empty table, this empty place in me.

Today my son Paul and my daughter (in-law) Helen came to visit.  We had a wonderful outdoor lunch at a special place along the C & D canal where we often went in years past for special family celebrations. Thank you, Paul and Helen, for helping me live into our shared “new reality.”  Love you both very much.  Life tumbles in, but living goes on.

Part Two: Empty Chairs, Empty Tables

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross introduced the “five stages of grief” in her book On Death and Dying in 1969.  The five stages are:

Denial:  “This can’t be happening to me.”

Anger:  “Why is this happening?  Who is to blame?

Bargaining:  “Make this not happen, and in return I will….”

Depression:  “I’m too sad to do anything.”

Acceptance:  “I’m at peace with what happened.”

Not everyone goes through these stages. Kuber-Ross said, “They were never meant to help tuck messy emotions into neat packages.”  They are simply responses to loss that many people have experienced.  Our grieving is always individual.

The loss of a loved one affects each of us in different ways. The important thing to remember is that almost anything you experience in the early stages of grief is normal—including feeling like you’re living a bad dream, or going crazy, or questioning your faith or spiritual beliefs.

The most universal symptom of grief is sadness.  Feelings of emptiness, despair, an abundance of tears, and feeling emotionally unstable, are typical.  Grief also involves physical problems—fatigue, lack of appetite, weight loss, etc.  All of these reactions are natural.  We will heal in time….

But, in the meantime, there is GRIEF.  There is an empty chair in my Garden Room.  Another chair at the dining room table is empty now.  Every photo of my daughter Rachel reminds me of what was and is no more.  That’s what everyone who has lost a loved one is handling within.  Our task is to be aware of that person’s loss, to respect it, and share in it if we can.  

Part One: Empty Chairs, Empty Tables

There are empty chairs and empty tables in my heart, in my life, and in my home.  It happens!  Death is a reality!  Death is, in a very real sense, our shared destiny.  As a parish pastor for over 50-plus years I have sat with families as they experienced this reality. I have officiated at hundreds of funerals!  I have personal experience:  the deaths of  cherished friends, grandparents, parents, in-laws, my sister, my wife of fifty-seven years (four years ago) and most recently my fifty-seven year old daughter, Rachel.  The scripture boasts, “O Death, where is thy sting?” Well, I can assure you, it has not lost its sting!  When Death comes to those we love, and even to those we do not know, it affects us.  

No man is an island,

Entire of itself.

Each is a piece of the continent,

A part of the main.

If a clod be washed away by the sea,

Europe is the less,

As well as if a promontory were.

As well as if a manor of thine own

Or of thine friend’s were.

Each man’s death diminishes me,

For I am involved in mankind.

Therefore, send not to know 

For whom the bell tolls,

It tolls for thee. 

Somehow, as John Donne says, the death of any person “diminishes me.” If this is so, then what happens when it is someone we know, love, and cherish?  We are “reduced, depleted, downsized, dented, knocked down, modified, shrunk, and compressed.”  That's what "diminish" means.

Do not suggest to anyone enduring grief that Death has no sting to it! And those who are grieving should not attempt to cover up the sting!  

Life and Love Tumbles In

 I am grieving today with and for my grandson who lost a close high school friend in an accident last weekend.  I’m also thinking of my granddaughter who experienced recently the sudden death of a friend.  I grieve not only their loss, but remember, and grieve still, over the death of my own high school friend from leukemia some sixty-eight years ago.  My suspicion is that each of us in our youth experienced the death of a friend.  

The death of a friend is a traumatic experience for a young person (and for old people, too)..  It leaves an indelible mark on our spirit.  It hurts. It makes us angry. It makes us sad. It makes us cry.  It raises all kinds of questions about Life, the existence of God (Love) in the world, and a host of other questions for which we never seem to find answers.

Rilke wrote that we should “be patient toward all that is unsolved in our heart and try to love the questions themselves, like locked rooms and like books that are now written in a very foreign tongue.  Do not seek the answers, which cannot be given you because you would not be able to live them.  And the point is to live everything.  Live the questions now.  Perhaps you will then gradually, without noticing it, live along some distant day into the answer.”

I’ve lived into that “distant day” now and I still do not have an answer (after 68 years) for why my high school friend, Art, died at the age of 15 from leukemia!  I still “live the question(s) now.”  I do not know why my grandson’s friend died in that accident.  I do not know why the children of Gaza have to die of starvation in a world of plenty.

Is it really possible to grieve without having loved? Perhaps some “distant day” I shall live into the answer.

Easter Language

 How do we see ourselves, our neighbors, and the future of our world?  Do we speak the language of despair and complaint as in the following statement?

“Planet Earth’s on a path of obliteration.

And I refuse to believe that

we can help humankind survive self-destruction.

I realize this may be a shock, but

our diverse and inclusive global society can live in harmony

is a lie.  The reality is that

“Humans are incapable of caring for each other & planet Earth”

within three decades, global warming will destroy our planet.

I do not concede, that 

planet Earth and civilization can be saved.

in the future,

ongoing senseless and brutal world wars will be inevitable.

No longer can it be said, that

you and I will find a way to reach for the stars and beyond.

It will be evident, that

humans are selfish, indifferent and greedy.

It is foolish to presume, that 

There is Hope (Credit:  Tom Vassos)

Or do we see ourselves, our neighbors, and the future of our world by  reading the above statement backwards?  Do we speak the language of an Easter people—the language of faith and hope?

The Vacation

 THE VACATION (“an extended period of leisure and recreation, especially one spent away from home or in traveling”) for my brother and me was booked in November 2024—a 12-day cruise to the Southern Caribbean—visiting the islands of St. Croix, St. Maarten, St. Lucia, Dominica, and St. Kitts.  We invited our sister and her husband to join us.  We had a wonderful time together.  The “vacation” was good therapy for me following my daughter Rachel’s 3-month ordeal in the hospital and rehab.   Rachel returned  home the day before we left for the cruise.  

One of the lecturers onboard the ship was Tom Vassos, who unveiled the infinite cosmos in which we are but a grain of sand.  His talks reminded me of the hymn:  “How big is God, how big and wide His vast domain.  To try to tell, these lips can only start.  He’s big enough to rule His mighty universe, yet small enough to live within my heart.”